Sonke sisebenzisa amafayela noma amafayela nsuku zonke, futhi sonke siyayisebenzisa futhi amafolda noma izinkomba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinhlelo zefayela ze-PC yedeskithophu, kuma-laptops, amadivaysi eselula, njll. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko ngizochaza konke okudingeka ukwazi ngakho, ukuze uqonde luyini ulwazi nokuthi lugcinwa kanjani in memory of.
Iyini isistimu yamafayela?
Un uhlelo lwefayela I-File System (FS) iyindlela nesakhiwo sedatha esisetshenziswa isistimu yokusebenza ukulawula ukuthi ulwazi lugcinwa futhi lubuyiswe kanjani. Ngaphandle kwesistimu yefayela, idatha egcinwe endaweni yokugcina ingaba ibhizinisi elilodwa ledatha elingenayo indlela yokuhlukanisa lapho isethi yedatha eyodwa igcina khona bese elandelayo iqala, noma lapho noma iyiphi isethi yedatha itholakala lapho idinga ukubuyiswa. Lokhu kuzoba yilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi idatha eluhlaza.
Uma ufometha idrayivu yesitoreji usebenzisa i-NTFS, FAT, ext4, btrfs, HFS+, njll., empeleni udala uhlelo lwefayela lokuphatha idatha kuleyo drayivu. Ngamanye amazwi, esikubiza ngokuthi amafomethi empeleni yi-FS.
Ngokuhlukanisa idatha ibe yiziqephu futhi uqambe isiqephu ngasinye, lIdatha ingahlukaniswa kalula futhi ikhonjweUkwenza konke lokhu kwenzeke, uhlelo lwefayela luqukethe izingqimba ezimbili noma ezintathu. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zendlalelo zihlukaniswa ngokusobala, kanti ezinye izikhathi, imisebenzi iyahlanganiswa. Izendlalelo esikhuluma ngazo yilezi:
- Uhlelo lwefayela olunengqondo: unesibopho sokusebenzelana nohlelo lokusebenza lomsebenzisi. Ihlinzeka nge-API yokusebenza kwefayela, njenge Vula, Vala, Funda, njll., futhi idlulisele umsebenzi oceliwe kusendlalelo esingezansi ukuze sicutshungulwe. Isistimu yefayela enengqondo ilawula ukufakwa kwetafula lamafayela avulekile kanye nezichazi zefayela ngenqubo ngayinye. Lesi sendlalelo sinikeza ukufinyelela kwefayela, ukusebenza kohla lwemibhalo, ukuphepha, nokuvikela.
- Isistimu yefayela ebonakalayo: Lesi sixhumi esibonakalayo sivumela usekelo lwezimo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa zesistimu yamafayela aphathekayo. Lesi sendlalelo siyazikhethela futhi asihlali sikhona.
- Isistimu yefayela ebonakalayo: Iphatha ukusebenza ngokomzimba kwedivayisi yokugcina. Icubungula amabhlogo abonakalayo afundwayo noma abhalwayo. Iphatha ukugcina kumthamo, ukuphathwa kwememori, futhi inesibopho sokubekwa kwamabhulokhi ngokomzimba ezindaweni ezithile endaweni yokugcina. Isistimu yefayela ebonakalayo isebenzisana nezishayeli zedivayisi yehadiwe noma isiteshi ukuqondisa idivayisi yokugcina.
Izici ze-FS
Isistimu ngayinye yefayela ekhona inemikhawulo yayo futhi izici okufanele ukwazi, njengokuthi:
- Ukuphathwa kwesikhala noma ukwabiwa: Amasistimu wefayela anika isikhala ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngokuvamile kuwo wonke amadrayivu aphathekayo amaningi kudivayisi. Amasistimu wamafayela anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela amafayela nezinkomba, kanye nokulandelela ukuthi yiziphi izindawo zemidiya ezingezamaphi amafayela nokuthi iziphi ezingasetshenziswa.
- Ukuhlukaniswa: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ifayela elifanayo ligcinwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zedrayivu yokugcina, okusho ukuthi izingxenye zefayela ngazinye azihlangani. Njengoba amafayela edalwa, elungiswa, futhi esuswa, lokhu kungaholela ezindaweni ezisetshenziswayo nezingasetshenziswanga zosayizi abahlukahlukene. Akukhona lokho kuphela, lokhu kuthinta enye i-FS (isb., FAT ye-Microsoft ne-NTFS), yehlisa ukufundwa kwefayela.
- Amagama wefayela: Amasistimu wefayela alawula imikhawulo yobude, ukuzwela kwezinhlamvu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu ezikhethekile emagameni wefayela.
- Inkomba: Bavame ukuba nezinkomba zokuhlela amafayela abe amaqoqo ahlukene. Zingaba flat noma hierarchical. Ngizoxoxa ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe kamuva, njengoba kuyikho konke lokhu...
- Imethadatha: Inolwazi oluhlobene lwemethadatha, oluhlanganisa imininingwane efana nobude bedatha, izitembu zesikhathi, izimvume zokufinyelela, nezibaluli zefayela.
- Izinsiza nokufinyelela: Asetshenziselwa ukuqalisa, ukuguqula, kanye nokususa izimo zesistimu yefayela, kanye nokudala, ukuqamba kabusha, nokususa uhla lwemibhalo namafayela, ukubethela, izilinganiso, ukufuduka, ukuguqulwa, ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni, njll.
- Ubuqotho nokuphathwa kwamaphutha: I-FS kufanele igcine ubuqotho bezakhiwo zesistimu yefayela kusitoreji sesibili noma kumadrayivu angaphandle, ngisho nalapho kwenzeka ukwehluleka kwesistimu yokusebenza noma ukuphela kwamandla.
- Idatha Yomsebenzisi: kufanele ivumele ukuphathwa kwedatha yomsebenzisi, okuhlanganisa ukugcinwa, ukubuyiswa kanye nokubuyekezwa kwedatha.
- Amasistimu wamafayela amaningi: Kungenzeka ukuthi ube nezinhlelo zamafayela amaningi ohlelweni olulodwa.
- Imikhawulo yedizayini: Amasistimu wefayela anemikhawulo yokusebenza echaza umthamo omkhulu wesitoreji ngaphakathi kwaleyo sistimu, umkhawulo kasayizi wamafayela, inani lamafayela, njll.
Yini ukwahlukanisa?
Una ukwahlukanisa Ukwahlukanisa kuyisigaba esinengqondo noma ukuhlukaniswa kwedivayisi yokugcina idatha, njenge-HDD, i-SSD, i-flash drive, njll. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kufeza izinjongo ezimbalwa, okuvumela ukuhlela okungcono nokuphathwa kwedatha egciniwe. Isibonelo, ukwahlukanisa ngakunye kungasetshenziselwa inhloso ethile, amasistimu wokusebenza amaningi angafakwa kukho, njll.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukudala, ukususa, nokushintsha usayizi Izinguquko zokuhlukanisa zingaholela ekulahlekeni kwedatha, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwenza le misebenzi ngokuqapha futhi wenze ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yedatha ebalulekile ngaphambi kokwenza izinguquko ezinkulu esakhiweni sokuhlukanisa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokufingqa, kufanele futhi uqonde ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene zokwahlukanisa okuyisisekelo ohlelweni lwe-MBR (amathuba anwetshwa ku-GPT, ngama-partitions angaba ngu-128 kuyunithi efanayo, nakuba lesi kungesinye isihloko…):
- Ingxenye Eyisisekelo: Idrayivu yesitoreji ngayinye ingaba nezingxenye ezine eziyinhloko. Lezi yizingxenye eziyinhloko lapho amasistimu okusebenza afakwa khona nalapho kuhlala khona idatha. Enye yezingxenye eziyinhloko ingaqokwa njenge-partition esebenzayo noma ye-boot, lapho isistimu yokusebenza iqala khona.
- Ingxenye Enwetshiwe: I-partition enwetshiwe iyingxenye ebalulekile eyinhloko esetshenziselwa ukudala izingxenye ezinengqondo ezengeziwe ngaphakathi kwayo. Ayiqukethe ngokuqondile idatha, kodwa isebenza njengesiqukathi sezingxenye ezinengqondo. Ungaba nokuhlukaniswa okunengqondo okuningi ngaphakathi kwesahlukaniso esinwetshiwe. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi unqobe umkhawulo wezingxenye ezine eziyinhloko ku-hard drive.
- Ukuhlukaniswa Okunengqondo: Lezi zidalwa ngaphakathi kwe-partition enwetshiwe. Azisetshenziselwa ukuqalisa isistimu yokusebenza futhi ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukuhlela idatha noma amafayela. Ungaba nokuhlukaniswa okunengqondo okuningi ngaphakathi kokuhlukaniswa okunwetshiwe, okwenza ukuhlela idatha kube lula.
Liyini ithebula lokuhlukanisa?
La itafula lokuhlukanisa Kuyisakhiwo sedatha esitholakala ekuqaleni kwe-hard drive futhi iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokuthi idrayivu ihlukaniswe kanjani ngama-partitions. Ivamise ukugcinwa kumkhakha we-boot master (MBR) kumasistimu asekelwe ku-BIOS noma ku-GPT (GUID Partition Table) kumasistimu asekelwe ku-UEFI esimanjemanje. Ithebula lokuhlukanisa lihlanganisa imininingwane efana nosayizi wengxenye ngayinye, uhlobo lwayo (isb., NTFS, FAT32, ext4, njll.), kanye nendawo yayo endaweni yokugcina.
Ngakho-ke, ubudlelwano phakathi kwetafula lokuhlukanisa kanye nesistimu yefayela buseqinisweni lokuthi ithebula lokuhlukanisa liyabonisa lapho ukwahlukanisa kuqala futhi kuphele khona kudiski ebonakalayo. Ingxenye ngayinye ifomethwe ngesistimu yefayela ethile. Uma ukwahlukanisa kufinyelelwa ukuze kufundwe noma kubhalwe amafayela, isistimu yokusebenza isebenzisa ulwazi olukuthebula lokuhlukanisa ukuze kutholwe futhi kuqondwe ukuthi isistimu yefayela yakhiwe kanjani kulokho kuhlukaniswa.
Izinhlobo zesistimu yefayela
Phakathi kwezinhlelo zamafayela ahlukene, izinhlobo ezilandelayo kufanele zigqanyiswe:
- Amasistimu wefayela lediski: Lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ikhono lemidiya yokugcina idiski ukuze ufinyelele idatha ngokungahleliwe futhi ngokushesha. Ivumela abasebenzisi abaningi noma izinqubo ukufinyelela idatha kudiski kungakhathaliseki indawo yayo elandelanayo. Izibonelo zifaka i-FAT, i-exFAT, i-NTFS, i-Reiser FS, i-HFS, i-HFS+, i-HPFS, i-APFS, i-UFS, i-ext2, i-ext3, i-ext4, i-XFS, i-btrfs, i-VMFS, i-ZFS, i-ReiserFS, i-NSS, ne-ScoutFS. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, okulandelayo kungabuye kucatshangelwe:
- Ama-Optical Discs: amafomethi ajwayelekile afana ne-ISO 9660 kanye ne-Universal Disk Format (UDF) asetshenziswa ku-CD, DVD kanye ne-Blu-ray.
- I-Flash File Systems: Lezi zinhlelo zenzelwe ngqo amadivaysi ememori ye-flash futhi acabangele izici zawo kanye nemikhawulo. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa amasistimu wefayela aklanyelwe amadivaysi e-flash esikhundleni sokuguqula izinhlelo zediski. Ezinye izibonelo yi-JFFS, JFFS2, YAFFS, UBIFS, LogFS, kanye ne-F2FS.
- Amasistimu wefayela le-Magnetic Tape: Lawa masistimu aphatha isitoreji kumateyipu, anezikhathi zokufinyelela ezingahleliwe ezinde kunamadiski. Ayahluka ekuphathweni kohla lwemibhalo futhi agcizelela isidingo sokugwema ukunyakaza okuvamile kwemigqa kumateyipu. Isibonelo kungaba i-LTFS ye-IBM.
- Amasistimu wefayela lesizindalwazi: Izinhlelo zefayela ezisekelwe kusizindalwazi, lapho amafayela akhonjwa ngezici ezinjengohlobo, umbhali, noma imethadatha. Izibonelo zifaka i-IBM DB2, phakathi kokunye.
- Amasistimu Efayela Okwenziwayo: Lawa masistimu aqinisekisa i-athomu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kufayela. Izibonelo zifaka i-NTFS ku-Microsoft Windows kanye nezinye izinhlelo zefayela ze-prototype ze-UNIX/Linux, njenge-LFS, i-ext3, njll.
- Amasistimu Amafayela Enethiwekhi: Amasistimu wamafayela enethiwekhi avumela ukufinyelela kumafayela kumaseva akude ngezivumelwano ezifana ne-NFS, AFS, SMB, FTP, neWebDAV. Okusho ukuthi, zenzelwe ikhompyutha esabalalisiwe.
- Amasistimu Efayela Abelwe: Lawa masistimu avumela amaseva amaningi ukuthi afinyelele ngokuvikelekile kusistimu engaphansi yediski efanayo. Izibonelo zifaka i-GFS2, i-GPFS, i-SFS, i-CXFS, i-StorNext, ne-ScoutFS.
- Amasistimu Amafayela Akhethekile: Athize ngandlela thize, futhi awanazo izici zefayela kanjalo, kodwa angafinyelelwa ngama-API. Isibonelo, sichaza Isistimu Yefayela Yedivayisi njenge-devfs, esetshenziswa ku-Linux, njll. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinamanye akhethekile afana nama-configf, ama-sysfs, nama-procfs, aziwa futhi emhlabeni we-Linux.
- Isistimu Yefayela Elincane / Isitoreji Sekhasethi Lomsindo: Amakhasethi omsindo asetshenziswa njengamasistimu okugcina idatha ukuze kunikwe amandla amanye amamodeli amakhompiyutha amancane angaleso sikhathi, njenge-Commodore PET.
- I-Flat File Systems (Isistimu Yefayela Eliyisicaba): Lawa masistimu awanawo ama-subdirectories futhi agcina konke okufakiwe kohla lwemibhalo kuhla lwemibhalo oluyinhloko olulodwa. Izibonelo zalezi FS yilezo ezisetshenziswa ohlelweni lwe-CP/M kanye ne-Macintosh File System yama-Mac akudala e-Apple.
FS Technologies
Isistimu yefayela ngayinye inezici zayo, futhi ziyasekela ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
- Ukuziphilisa: Isho ikhono lesistimu yefayela lokuthola nokulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo amaphutha nezinkinga ezingase zivele ohlelweni lokulondoloza. Lawa maphutha angafaka imikhakha emibi kusigcinalwazi noma ezinye izinhlobo zenkohlakalo yedatha. Uma kutholwa iphutha, isistimu yefayela ingazama ukubuyisela idatha ethintekile ngokuyibuyisela kumakhophi ayisipele noma ngokulungisa idatha eyonakele. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina ubuqotho bedatha egcinwe ohlelweni lwefayela.
- Ukuminyanisa: Kuyisici esikuvumela ukuthi wehlise usayizi wamafayela nedatha egcinwe ohlelweni lwefayela. Ukucindezela idatha kungonga isikhala sediski futhi kusheshise ukudluliswa kwamafayela. Uma ukucindezela kunikwe amandla, isistimu yefayela icindezela ngokuzenzakalelayo amafayela abhalwe kulo futhi inciphise amafayela lapho efundwa. Lokhu kungaba usizo kumasistimu okulondoloza avimbelwe yinsiza, nakuba kungase kubambezele ukufinyelela.
- Ukubethela: Kuyindlela esetshenziselwa ukuvikela ukugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwedatha egcinwe ohlelweni lwefayela. Idatha ibethelwa ngaphambi kokuba ibhalwe kudiski futhi isuswe ukubethela lapho ifundwa. Ukubethela kuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ayifundeki kunoma ubani ngaphandle kokhiye wokukhipha ukubethela ofanelekile. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ubumfihlo nokuvikeleka kwedatha ebucayi. Njengokucindezela, kunganciphisa nokufinyelela.
- Ukubhalwa Kwemibhalo (Ilogi Yokwenziwe): Kuyisici esigcina irekhodi lakho konke ukusebenza okwenziwa ohlelweni lwefayela, njengokudalwa, ukuguqulwa, noma ukususwa kwamafayela. Leli rekhodi libizwa ngokuthi "iphephandaba" noma "irekhodi lomsebenzi." Esimeni sokuhluleka kwesistimu, njengokunqamuka kwamandla okungalindelekile, isistimu yefayela ingasebenzisa ilogu yokwenziwe ukuze ibuyele esimweni esingaguquki. Lokhu kuvimbela ukonakala kwedatha futhi kuqinisekisa ubuqotho besistimu yefayela.
- Amandla Wesithombe: Izifinyezo zingamakhophi akhomba ngesikhathi ohlelo lwefayela endaweni ethile ngesikhathi. Lawa makhophi ayizifinyezo futhi agcinwe eduze kwedatha yamanje ohlelweni lwefayela. Izifinyezo zivumela isistimu yefayela ukuthi ibuyiselwe esimweni sangaphambilini uma kwenzeka amaphutha noma izinguquko ezingafuneki. Lokhu kuwusizo ekwenzeni ikhophi yasenqolobaneni, ukutholwa kwedatha, kanye nezinguquko zokuhlola ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa unomphela ohlelweni.
Iyini inkomba noma ifolda?
Manje njengoba sesazi ukuthi idatha igcinwa kanjani kumayunithi okugcina kanye nezakhiwo zedatha ezidingekayo, sekuyisikhathi sokuqhubekela phambili ukuchaza ukuthi yini ifolda noma uhla lwemibhalo.
Uhla lwemibhalo noma ifolda yi-a isakhiwo sokufaka kukhathalogi amanye amafayela ngaphakathi kwesistimu yefayela, okukunikeza ukuhleleka okuqondakalayo noma inhlangano yomsebenzisi noma isistimu yokusebenza. Ukwenza lokhu, iqukethe izinkomba zamanye amafayela futhi mhlawumbe nezinye izikhombisi noma amafolda, kulokhu abizwa ngokuthi ama-subdirectories noma amafolda amancane.
Amanye amasistimu wokusebenza anezinhlelo zefayela ezilandelanayo, njenge-Unix, ngokuvamile anenqolobane yohla lwemibhalo enezindlela zakamuva ezigcinwe engxenyeni ye-RAM. Ku-Unix, le ngxenye yaziwa ngokuthi i-DNLC (Inqolobane Yokubheka Igama Lombhalo), kuyilapho iku-Linux, ibizwa nge-dcache. Le ngxenye yenkumbulo ibuyekezwa ngezindlela ezifinyelelwe kamuva, kuyilapho ezinhlelweni zamafayela enethiwekhi, kudingeka indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana ngokuphatha okufakiwe okungavumelekile noma okudalwe abasebenzisi.
Ku-a uhlelo lwefayela le-hierarchical Isitoreji sifana nesihlahla. Amagama athi "umzali" nelithi "ingane" avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuchaza ubudlelwano phakathi kohlu lwemibhalo olungaphansi kanye nohla lwemibhalo olufakwe kukhathalogi, lona okugcina kube umzali. Uhla lwemibhalo olusezingeni eliphezulu ohlelweni olunjalo lwefayela, olungenaye umzali walo, lubizwa ngokuthi umkhombandlela wempande. Lokhu kungabonakala kangcono ku-Unix noma ku-Linux, lapho unohlelo oluthile lweziqondiso futhi uhla lwemibhalo lwempande luyimpande noma /, lapho zonke ezinye izinkomba zilenga khona, noma zingekho esabelweni esifanayo.
Uhla lwemibhalo olubonakalayo wuhlobo lwenhlangano yefayela olungancikile endaweni esihlahleni sohla lwemibhalo. Kunalokho, iqoqa imiphumela evela emthonjeni wedatha, njengesizindalwazi noma inkomba yangokwezifiso, futhi iyethule ngokubukeka ngefomethi efanayo nokubuka kwefolda.
Lawa mafolda noma izinkomba ingaphathwa usebenzisa amathuluzi, kokubili i-GUI ne-CLI. Isibonelo, singasebenzisa imiyalo noma imenenja yefayela ngokwayo ukuze sidale, sisuse, siqambe kabusha, sihambise, sikopishe, njll. Nakuba ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zingaba nemikhawulo ethile ezimvumeni nasezenzweni ongazenza kumafolda athile...
Imininingwane mayelana nefolda noma uhla lwemibhalo kumasistimu wokusebenza ahlukene
Kukodwa isistimu yefayela kanye nesistimu yokusebenza, amafayela namafolda aphathwa ngendlela ehlukile:
- Impande: Leli yiphuzu okulengiswa kulo lonke uhlelo lwefolda yesistimu noma lapho luhlala khona. Ku-Windows, lokhu kuvame ukuba ngu-C:\, kuyilapho iku-Unix/Linux, ihlukanisa impande noma/.
- Indlela noma umzila: Lena indlela lapho ifolda noma ifayela litholakala ngaphakathi kwe-FS. Isibonelo, ku-Windows singase sibe ne-C:\Program Files\Office\Word.exe. Ku-Unix/Linux, kungaba into efana ne-/home/user/example.c. Njengoba sibona, ku-Windows, kusetshenziswa i-backslash, kuyilapho emhlabeni *nix, kusetshenziswa i-slash yendabuko.
- Igama lefayela noma igama lefayela: Leli igama elinikezwe ifayela ngalinye ngaphakathi kwe-FS ethile. Isistimu yefayela ngayinye izoba nemikhawulo yayo mayelana nomkhawulo wezinhlamvu omkhulu wegama lefayela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kwenziwe umehluko phakathi kwegama lesisekelo nesandiso. Amanye amasistimu okuqala nawo abe nemikhawulo kubude bezandiso, ngokuvamile ezintathu. Yingakho ngezinye izikhathi uzobona i-.htm esikhundleni se-.html, ukuze uqinisekise ukuhambisana nezinhlelo ze-DOS. Isibonelo segama lefayela singase sibe isibonelo.txt, lapho "isibonelo" kuyigama futhi "txt" iyisandiso, okubonisa kulokhu ukuthi umbhalo.
Icala elithile le-Unix/Linux
Iyini i-superblock?
Un i-superblock Iwuhlaka lwedatha oluyisisekelo olutholakala ekuqaleni kwesistimu yefayela. I-super block iqukethe ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nesistimu yefayela ngokwayo futhi isetshenziselwa ukuphatha nokufinyelela idatha egcinwe kulelo sistimu yefayela. Lonke uhlelo lwefayela le-Unix lune-super block yalo, futhi ifomethi yalo ethile ingahluka kuye ngohlelo lwefayela olusetshenziswa (isb., ext4, XFS, UFS, njll.).
La ulwazi olugciniwe ku-superblock ingafaka:
- Usayizi wesistimu yefayela: ibonisa usayizi ophelele wesistimu yefayela.
- Inombolo yama-inode: Icacisa inani lama-inode atholakalayo ohlelweni lwefayela. Ama-inode ayizakhiwo zedatha ezimelela amafayela nezinkomba.
- Amabhulokhi amahhala: Irekhoda inombolo yamabhulokhi wedatha yamahhala asele ohlelweni lwefayela ukuze kugcinwe ulwazi.
- Iphoyinti lokukhweza: ibonisa uhla lwemibhalo lapho isistimu yefayela ifakwe khona ohlelweni lokusebenza.
- Ukuhlonza isistimu yefayela: inkomba ehlukile yesistimu yefayela eyihlukanisa kwamanye amasistimu wefayela kusistimu efanayo.
- Idethi nesikhathi somhlangano: amarekhodi lapho isistimu yefayela igcine ukukhwezwa.
- Izibali ze-inode ne-block ezisetshenzisiwe: igcina umkhondo wokuthi mangaki ama-inode namabhulokhi wedatha asetshenziswa ohlelweni lwefayela.
- I-Checksum nenye imethadatha yobuqotho: Amanye ama-superblocks esimanje angase afake ulwazi olwengeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bedatha egcinwe ohlelweni lwefayela.
Lapho isistimu yefayela, okungukuthi, ukwahlukanisa okufomethiweyo, kufakwe, isistimu yokusebenza ifinyelela i-superblock ukuze ithole ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nesakhiwo nesimo sesistimu yefayela. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekufundeni nasekubhaleni idatha ohlelweni lwefayela, kanye nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho nokuvumelana kwedatha egciniwe.
Ama-inodes nezinkomba
En Unix/Linux, Yonke into iyifayela, njengama-partitions, amadrayivu edivayisi, njll. Lokhu akunjalo kwamanye amasistimu, njengeWindows. Kodwa-ke, uma yonke into iyifayela, ngisho namafolda noma izinkomba zibhekwa njengezinhlobo zamafayela ezikhethekile.
Ngakho-ke, uhla lwemibhalo luyifayela elikhethekile eliqukethe amagama wefayela (kanye ne-subdirectory) kanye izinombolo ze-inode kumafayela ohlelweni olufanayo lwefayela noma amagama ezixhumanisi ezingokomfanekiso eziya kumafayela noma izinkomba ezinhlelweni zamafayela ezifanayo noma ezihlukile. Endabeni yezixhumanisi ezinzima, i-inode igcina ithrekhi yokuthi mangaki ama-directory afakwe ohlwini futhi isusa amabhulokhi wefayela lapho isibalo sesixhumanisi sifinyelela ku-zero. Lokhu kuhlukile endabeni yesixhumanisi esithambile noma isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso. Ukususa isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso akuthinti ifayela eliqondiwe. Nokho, uma ifayela elinezixhumanisi ezingokomfanekiso kulo lisuswa, izixhumanisi ziba ezingasebenziseki.
Kuzinhlelo zefayela ze-Unix/Linux, ifayela ingaba namagama amaningana, enombhalo wombhalo wegama ngalinye kunkhombandlela efanayo noma ehlukene, konke kukhomba esakhiweni se-inode esifanayo esigcina uhlu lwamabhulokhi wediski lapho idatha igcinwa khona.
Ukuze ukuqonde kangcono konke lokhu, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi iyini i-inode (index node). Kuyisakhiwo sedatha esiyisisekelo kumasistimu wefayela angu-nix. Imelela futhi igcine ulwazi olubalulekile kufayela noma uhla lwemibhalo ngaphakathi kohlelo lwefayela. Ngakho-ke, kokubili ifolda nefayela kuzobonwa njenge-inode yisistimu.
Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, inode ngayinye ikhomba kwelandelayo ulwazi:
- Inombolo ye-inode: isihlonzi esiyingqayizivele sefayela ngalinye noma uhla lwemibhalo.
- Uhlobo lwefayela: Ibonisa ukuthi ingabe i-inode ibhekisela kufayela elivamile (f), uhla lwemibhalo (d), isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso (l), noma olunye uhlobo lwefayela.
- Usayizi wefayela: usayizi wamanje wefayela ngamabhayithi.
- Izimvume nomnikazi: Ulwazi olumayelana nokuthi ubani onemvume yokufinyelela (ukufunda, ukubhala, ukwenza) nokulungisa ifayela, kanye nomnikazi wefayela (umsebenzisi noma impande). Umnikazi angaba ngisho nomsebenzisi ongekho kanjalo, kodwa angaba idivayisi, njll.
- Idethi yokudala/yokulungisa nesikhathi: Irekhoda ukuthi i-inode idalwe nini okokuqala nokuthi igcine ukulungiswa nini. Enye imethadatha noma izimvume ezinwetshiwe nazo zingafakwa.
- Inombolo yezixhumanisi: Ikhombisa ukuthi mangaki amafayela noma amagama ohla lwemibhalo ahlotshaniswa nale inode. Izinkomba zinezixhumanisi okungenani ezimbili: eyodwa eyazo kanye neyodwa eya kubazali bazo uhla lwemibhalo.
- Izikhombisi zamabhulokhi wedatha: Iqukethe izinkomba zamabhulokhi edatha kuyunithi yesitoreji egcina okuqukethwe kwangempela kwefayela. Lawa mabhulokhi angaba amakheli aqondile, angaqondile, noma angaqondile kabili, kuye ngokuqaliswa kwesistimu yefayela ethile kanye nosayizi wefayela.
Ama-inode abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesistimu yefayela, njengoba evumela isistimu yokusebenza ukuthi ilandelele indawo ebonakalayo kanye nolwazi oluhlobene nefayela ngalinye kanye nohla lwemibhalo. Uma ifayela noma uhla lwemibhalo lufinyelelwa, isistimu yokusebenza ithintana nenombolo ye-inode ehambisanayo ukuze ithole indawo yedatha nolunye ulwazi oluhlobene nalelo fayela.