- Ubuhlobo obuyinhloko: Isikhathi = (NI × CPI)/f kanye Nokusebenza = (f × CPI)/NI, ne-CPI/CPI njengezixhumi ezibalulekile.
- I-scalability yangempela: I-Amdahl ne-Gustafson bakhawulela ukusheshisa; ukusebenza kahle kuyehla njengoba i-overhead ikhuphuka.
- Imithetho yenkumbulo: hit/miss, DDR kanye nomkhawulokudonsa kuthinta i-CPI kakhulu njengemvamisa.
- Indlela ye-WPA: indlela ebucayi, imicu (Ilungile/Iyagijima/Ilindile), i-DPC/ISR kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zichaza izingqinamba.
Uma ufuna wonke amafomula ukuze ubale ukusebenza kwe-CPU, kuhle ukuba achazwe kahle, anomongo kanye nezimo ezingokoqobo., hhayi nje uhlu oluxekethile lwezibalo. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlanganisa futhi ubhale kabusha ngendlela ecacile nebanzi amamethrikhi, amafomula, ama-nuances kanye namasu okuhlaziya okuphrofeshinali. (kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwe-Windows Performance Analyzer) evame ukubonakala ihlakazekile emithonjeni eminingi.
Lapha uzothola yonke into kusukela kumayunithi akudala (IPS, IPC, CPI kanye ne-FLOPS) kuya ebudlelwaneni obuqondile phakathi kwesikhathi sokwenza nokusebenza, imithetho ka-Amdahl noGustafson, inkumbulo nomkhawulokudonsa, ngisho nendlela yokufunda ukuphazamiseka kwentambo kanye ne-DPC/ISR nge-WPA.Ukwengeza, kuhlanganisa ukubala ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-CPU (C·V²·F), amathuluzi okukala, nezincomo zokusebenza kahle nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza.
Amayunithi ayisisekelo namamethrikhi: IPS, IPC, CPI, FLOPS, kanye nemvamisa
Into yokuqala ukucabangela ukuthi yimaphi amayunithi abaluleke kakhulu esizowaphatha:
- IPS (Imiyalo ngomzuzwana) ikala ukuthi mingaki imiyalelo iphrosesa eyisebenzisayo ngomzuzwana owodwa (imvamisa i-MIPS, izigidi ze-IPS). Kuyimethrikhi ewusizo ukuthola umbono womhlaba wonke we-throughput, nakuba ingathwebuli inkimbinkimbi yemiyalelo noma umehluko wezakhiwo ezincane. Izibonelo zomlando nesimanje zibonisa igebe phakathi kwemiklamo nezinkathi, futhi nge-overclocking ingahluka.
- IPC (Imiyalo ngomjikelezo ngamunye) Ibonisa ukuthi mingaki imiyalelo i-CPU eyisebenzisayo ngokwesilinganiso ngomjikelezo wewashi ngamunye. Kusemqoka ukuqonda ukusebenza kahle komjikelezo ngamunye kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvamisa ingakanani. Ukuqhathanisa i-IPC kudinga ukusebenzisa uhlelo olufanayo noma ibhentshimakhi emishinini ehlukene, ngoba ukubala kanye nohlobo lwemiyalelo kuncike kwisoftware.
- I-CPI (Imijikelezo ngomyalelo ngamunye) Iwumqondo ophambene we-CPI: mingakhi imijikelezo imiyalelo ngayinye ithatha ngokwesilinganiso. I-CPI iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwemiyalo kanye ne-microarchitecture. (isibonelo, umthwalo ungadinga imijikelezo eminingi kunokweqa), ngakho-ke ngokuvamile kubalwa njenge isilinganiso esilinganiselwe ngamakilasi okufundisa.
- I-FLOPS (Imisebenzi Yephuzu Elintantayo Ngomzuzwana) ilinganisa ukubala kwamaphuzu antantayo, okubalulekile ku-HPC, i-AI, nesayensi. Kwenziwa umehluko phakathi kokunemba okukodwa (SP) nokunemba okuphindwe kabili (DP) futhi ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi yi-FLOPS/W.. Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-FLOPS yomdabu kanye ne-FLOPS evamile. lapho kuqhathaniswa amapulatifomu ahlukahlukene.
- I-Frecuencia (Hz) iphawula isigqi sewashi, kodwa ayifani ngokuqondile nokusebenza. Inganekwane ye-MHz: Namuhla i-CPU yemvamisa ephansi ingadlula esheshayo ukufana, i-IPC engcono kanye nezakhiwo ezincane ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukujula kwepayipi kanye nengqondo ebucayi inquma imvamisa efinyelelekayo..
Amafomula abalulekile: isikhathi sokwenza, ukuphuma, i-IPC, i-CPI, i-IPS, ne-FLOPS
Abanye Amafomula abalulekile okubala/ukulinganisa ukusebenza ye-processor okufanele uyazi yilezi:
- Isikhathi sokwenza: Indlela ejwayelekile yokuveza lokhu ithi Isikhathi = NI × CPI × T, kuphi NI inombolo yemiyalelo ohlelweni, CPI isilinganiso senani lemijikelezo ngomyalelo ngamunye kanye T isikhathi sewashi (T = 1/frequency). Okulinganayo: Isikhathi = (NI × CPI) / Imvamisa. I-Hardware kanye ne-compiler bavame ukuhlasela i-CPI kanye nemvamisa; I-NI incike kwisofthiwe..
- Ukusebenza ukuphambana kwesikhathi: Ukusebenza = 1 / Isikhathi. Ibhala kabusha, Ukusebenza = (Imvamisa × CPI) / NI. Lokhu kwenza kucace unxantathu wezibopho: ukwandisa imvamisa kanye ne-CPI kanye/noma yehlisa i-NI (i-algorithm engcono, ukuhlanganiswa okungcono) kwandisa ukusebenza.
- Isikhathi se-CPU kumasistimu amaprosesa amaningi Kuvezwa ngokwengeza izikhathi zentambo noma ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganisa okucatshangwayo P processors. Ngokuhambisanayo, ingxenye empeleni ehambisanayo kanye ne-overhead yokuxhumana ikhawulela inzuzo. (bheka Imithetho ka-Amdahl kanye noGustafson ngezansi).
- I-CPI esebenzayo ngohlelo oluthile etholakala kulo Isilinganiso sangempela senani lemiyalelo ngomjikelezo ngamunye oboniwe ngesikhathi sokubulawa kwayo; ngeziqhathaniso, isebenzisa ibhentshimakhi efanayo kuyo yomibili imishini ukuze i-NI kanye nokuxuba imiyalelo kuqhathaniswe.
- I-CPI enesisindo esimaphakathi Ngokuvamile kubalwa njenge Σ (CPI_i × isisindo_i), lapho ngamunye CPI_i ihambisana nekilasi lokufundisa kanye isisindo_i ingxenye yalelo klasi ohlelweni. Lokhu kubuka okusekelwe ekilasini kukuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuthi ungalungiselela kuphi (isb., imithwalo ehamba kancane noma ukuhlukanisa okubizayo).
- IPS (Imiyalo ngomzuzwana) ivame ukulinganiselwa njenge IPS ≈ Imvamisa × i-CPI. Qaphela ngamapayipi, ukuncika, ukuqagela kanye nokuchithwa kwesiteshi: ngokusebenza, Ukuqhuma kanye nezijeziso kungakususa kusibalo setiyetha.
- IZIMBALI Ngohlelo olulula kulinganiselwa ukuthi Imvamisa × imisebenzi entantayo ngomjikelezo ngamunye (kuya ngobubanzi bevekhtha kanye namayunithi e-FPU), futhi ngokuhambisana njenge Isamba se-FLOPS ≈ Σ FLOPS yephrosesa ngayinye. Umehluko uma usebenza ku-SP noma ku-DP futhi khumbula umehluko phakathi I-FLOPS yomdabu neyejwayelekile.
I-Scalability: Umthetho ka-Amdahl, uMthetho kaGustafson, ukusheshisa, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kahle
Amanye amafomula abalulekile okubala ukusebenza kwekhompyutha, ukusebenza kahle, njll.:
- Umthetho ka-Amdahl imodela inzuzo yokusheshisa ingxenye yesistimu. Uma ingxenyenamba F yesikhathi ingazuzi ekuthuthukisweni, isivinini esiphezulu siboshwe ngu-1/f. Ngokufana, eneqhezwana elithi p, umkhawulo ojwayelekile uvezwa ngokuthi S(N) = 1 / ((1 − p) + p/N). Ukuthuthukisa ibhodlela (ukunciphisa ingxenye elandelanayo ephumelelayo) yikho okukhokha kakhulu.
- Isicelo sepayipi: Ukufakwa kwamapayipi kunciphisa ukubambezeleka ngomyalelo ngamunye esimweni esizinzile, kodwa Ukubhamuza, ubungozi bedatha, nokwehluleka kokuqagela Bangeza izinhlawulo lokho nciphisa isivinini esifanelekile. Ukujulisa ipayipi kwandisa imvamisa kodwa futhi nezinhlawulo zokuthulula..
- Umthetho kaGustafson ithatha umbono ohlukile: njengoba inkinga ikhula ngenani lamaphrosesa, S(N) ≈ N − α (N − 1), lapho u-α esondeza ingxenyenamba elandelanayo ngokukala umthwalo. Ugcizelela ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo kanye ne-overhead kunquma ukusebenza kahle kwangempela..
- Ukusebenza kahle kuchazwa ngokuthi E = S(N) / N. Njengoba i-N ikhula, u-E uvame ukuncipha ngokuxhumanisa, inkumbulo eyabiwe kanye nokungalingani. Ukungasebenzi kahle bheka ukuthi kanjani ukwandisa ubukhulu benkinga n ukuze gcina u-E njalo njengoba i-p (amaprosesa) ikhula, edonsa phezulu.
Imemori, inqolobane, umkhawulokudonsa kanye nesitoreji: enye i-50% yokusebenza
Ngaphezu kwezibalo zokucubungula, ukusebenza kwenkumbulo nakho kubalulekile, amafomula abaluleke kakhulu okuyilawa:
- Uhlu lwenkumbulo lunquma i-CPI: Ukufinyelela kwenqolobane kungase kubize umjikelezo ongu-1, kuyilapho ukufinyelela kwe-RAM amakhulu emijikelezo. Amazinga okushaya/okwehluleka abaluleke kakhulu, noma ngaphezulu, umkhawulokudonsa ongahluziwe nokubambezeleka.. I-hit-rate engcono iyalingana izinhlawulo ezimbalwa kanye namandla amancane asetshenziswe ukuya enkumbulweni.
- Izincazelo ezibalulekile: Izinga lokuphuthelwa = inani lokwehluleka / inani eliphelele lokufinyelela y I-Hit rate = inani lamahithi / inani eliphelele lokufinyelela. Khulisa usayizi womyalelo noma inqolobane yedatha futhi uthuthukise indawo yekhodi yakho khulisa izinga lokushaya futhi unciphise i-CPI.
- I-DDR kanye nemvamisa esebenzayo: Izinkumbulo ze-DDR ziyasebenza 2 ukudluliselwa ngomjikelezo ngamunye yesilawuli, yingakho I-DDR4-3200 ilingana no-1600 MHz we-memclk. Umkhawulokudonsa wethiyori ngemojuli ilinganiselwa njenge memclk × 2 × bus_width (amabhithi) × inombolo yamashaneli, futhi kuvezwa ngamabhayithi/s (hlukanisa ngo-8). Isibonelo sakudala se-DDR4-3200, ibhasi le-64-bit, Isiteshi Esikabili: 1.600.000.000 × 2 × 64 × 2 = 409.600.000.000 amabhithi/s ≈ I-51,2 GB / s.
- Ukubambezeleka okujikelezayo ku-HDD (lapho ikhanda selivele likuthrekhi): kulinganiselwa ukuthi 0,5 ukuzungezisa / (RPM/60). Ku-7200 RPM: 0,5 / (7200/60) ≈ I-4,16 ms. Amabhafa ediski nezinqolobane zinganciphisa isikhathi esithile sokufinyelela, kodwa azisusi imvelo yokubambezeleka.
- Inkumbulo kanye nesidingo sekhompyutha: Ku-HPC ukulayisha ukuhlaziya kwenziwa umfutho wokusebenza (FLOP/byte), ezihlobene Imiyalelo yephoyinti elintantayo nokunyakaza kwedatha. Amandla aphansi khaphela ukulinganiselwa kwenkumbulo; eliphezulu, umkhawulo wokubala. Lungiselela izakhiwo nokufinyelela okulandelanayo ingashintsha ngokuphelele iphrofayili yokusebenza.
Ukusetshenziswa nokusebenza kahle: TDP, amandla ashukumisayo namathuluzi
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinezinkinga zokusetshenziswa nokusebenza kahle:
- I-TDP ayikona ukusetshenziswa kwangempela: inhloso eshisayo/yomklamo. Ukusetshenziswa kuyehluka ngomthwalo osebenzayo, i-voltage kanye nemvamisa. Ngaphansi kwemithwalo elula, Isilinganiso sangempela sokusetshenziswa ngokuvamile siphansi kakhulu kune-TDP.
- Amandla aguqukayo alinganiselwe: P = C · V² · F. C amandla ashintshiwe, V i-voltage kanye F imvamisa. Ukwenyuka kwamandla kagesi kujezisa ama-quadratically; ngakho-ke i-overclocking ene-overvolt izimbangela ukugxuma okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni nasekushiseni. Ngaphezu kwengxenye eguquguqukayo, kukhona ukuvuza okukhula ngezinga lokushisa kanye nenqubo..
