I-POSIX ejwayelekile: iyini futhi ingeyani?

Isibuyekezo sokugcina: UJanuwari 19 we-2024
Author: UJaime Herrera

Indinganiso ye-POSIX ayijwayelekile kubasebenzisi abaningi besistimu yokusebenza, ngisho nalabo abasebenzisa izinhlelo ezinamathela kuyo. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko, ngizochaza ukuthi iyini, inhloso yayo, ukuthi ithinta kanjani izinhlelo zokusebenza, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilinganiselwe ngaphansi kwayo.

Iyini i-POSIX?

Ukusebenzisa Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Linux kuma-Chromebook

Izinga le -POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) liyiqoqo lezindinganiso ezichaza isikhombikubona esivamile sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-UNIX. Lakhiwe ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuphatheka kwesofthiwe phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene ze-UNIX nokuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokuhambisana phakathi kwazo.

Izinga le-POSIX licacisa uchungechunge lwezixhumi zokuhlela, imiyalo yomugqa womyalo kanye nezinsiza , kanye namafomethi wefayela kanye nemigomo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlelo kanye nesistimu yokusebenza. Lezi zincazelo zisekelwe kakhulu kuzici kanye nemisebenzi etholakala ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-UNIX zendabuko, njengemiyalo eyisisekelo, ukuphathwa kwamafayela, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinqubo, ukulawula izinqubo, kanye nezimpawu, phakathi kokunye.

Ngokulandela indinganiso ye-POSIX, abathuthukisi bangabhala isofthiwe ehambisana nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ze-UNIX, okwenza kube lula ukuphatheka nokusebenzisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indinganiso ye-POSIX ithonye ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingezona eze-UNIX, njenge-Linux ne-macOS, ezisebenzise imininingwane eminingi ye-POSIX.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi indinganiso ye-POSIX ihlanganisa izingxenye eziningana kanye nezindinganiso ezihlobene , njenge-POSIX.1 (izixhumi zesistimu kanye nemitapo yolwazi), i-POSIX.2 (imiyalo kanye nezinsiza), i-POSIX.4 (imicu), kanye ne-POSIX.5 (ukuxhumana kwesikhathi sangempela), phakathi kwezinye. Ngayinye yalezi zindinganiso ibhekana nezici ezahlukene zesistimu yokusebenza futhi inikeza isisekelo esifanayo sokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe ezindaweni ezihambisana ne-POSIX.

Amazinga noma izinguqulo

Indinganiso ye-POSIX yakhiwe yizindinganiso eziningana ezingaphansi komunye nomunye. Lezi yizi:

  • Esokuqala salokhu yi-IEEE 1003.1, okuwukucaciswa okuyisisekelo kwezinga lokuqala le-POSIX elashicilelwa ngo-1988. Limele ukucaciswa okuyisisekelo kakhulu kwe-POSIX.
  • Ushicilelo lwesibili, olwaziwa nge-IEEE 1003.1-2001 noma i-POSIX 2001/C99, lwashicilelwa ngo-2001 futhi lufaka inani lokubuyekezwa nokuthuthukiswa kuhlelo lwangempela.
  • Uhlelo lwesithathu, olubizwa nge-IEEE 1003.1-2008 noma i-POSIX 2008/C2008, lwashicilelwa ngo-2008 futhi luletha izinguquko nezengezo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo zangaphambilini.
  • Uhlelo lwesine, olubizwa nge-IEEE 1003.1-2017 noma i-POSIX 2017/C17, lwanyatheliswa ngo-2017 futhi luyaqhubeka nokushintsha izinga ngezici ezintsha nezici.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zindinganiso ezingaphansi, kukhona enye ebizwa ngokuthi i-IEEE 1003.2 , eyayihloselwe ukuchaza i-Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) ngqo yezinhlelo ezisekelwe kusakhiwo se-SPARC. Kuyisandiso sencazelo ye-IEEE 1003.1-2001 futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-SPARC-2003.

Umlando we-POSIX

Ukushicilelwa kokuqala kwale standard kwenzeka ngo-1988 , kwalandelwa okwesibili ngo-2001 kanye nokwesithathu ngo-2008. Kwabe sekuthi ngo-2017, kwakhishwa uhlelo lwesine.

Isiphakamiso sokusungula indinganiso yezinhlelo ze-Unix savela ngasekupheleni kwawo-70. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Unix yayiyisistimu yokusebenza esencane kakhulu, kodwa eyayiqashelwa ngokusebenza kwayo kahle namandla ayo. Ukuze isetshenziswe kakhulu ezindaweni zebhizinisi, kwaphakanyiswa umqondo wokuchaza indinganiso eyayizoqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo ze-Unix ziyaphatheka kalula. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunezinhlobo eziningana zezinhlelo ze-Unix, okwenza ukuhambisana phakathi kwazo kwaba nzima kubasebenzisi nakubathuthukisi. Ngakho-ke, ukusungula indinganiso kwethulwa njengesixazululo sokukhuthaza ukuhambisana.

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Lapho i-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ishicilela uhlelo lokuqala lwendinganiso ngo-1988, i-Unix yayisivele isemakethe iminyaka eminingi futhi yayisizinzile. Lokhu kwenza kwaba lula inqubo yokulinganisa izinhlelo ze-Unix futhi kwavumela ukuhambisana okukhulu phakathi kwazo.

Izinzuzo nokungalungi

Izinga le-POSIX linikeza izinzuzo eziningana kubathuthukisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza nabasebenzisi. Nazi ezinye zeziphawuleka kakhulu :

  • UkuphathekaEnye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-POSIX yikhono layo lokukhuthaza ukuphatheka kwesofthiwe phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene ze-UNIX. Ngokulandela ukucaciswa kwe-POSIX, izinhlelo zingasebenza kumapulatifomu amaningi ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okubalulekile. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza ngokungaguquki ezindaweni ezahlukene.
  • Ukuhambisana: iqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisana phakathi kwamasistimu wokusebenza we-UNIX asebenzisa ukucaciswa kwawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imiyalo, izixhumanisi zokuhlela, nezinsiza ezichazwe yi-POSIX zizoziphatha ngendlela efanayo kumasistimu ahlukene. Onjiniyela nabasebenzisi bangathemba ukuthi isoftware esekwe ku-POSIX izosebenza ngokungaguquki nangokubikezela kuzo zonke izinkundla ezihlukene.
  • Ukusebenzisana: I-POSIX ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-UNIX namasistimu okusebenza. Ngokunikeza isixhumi esibonakalayo esijwayelekile, kusiza ukuxhumana nokushintshisana kwedatha phakathi kwezinhlelo. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho amasistimu amaningi noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zidinga ukubambisana futhi zabelane ngolwazi ngendlela efanele.
  • Isisekelo solwazi olwabiwe: Idala isisekelo solwazi olwabiwe phakathi konjiniyela besistimu yokusebenza ye-UNIX nabasebenzisi. Kunezinsiza eziningi, imitapo yolwazi, amathuluzi, nemibhalo etholakalayo ethobela izinga le-POSIX. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukufinyelela izinsiza zosekelo, ukuxazulula izinkinga, nokwabelana ngezixazululo ngaphakathi komphakathi wonjiniyela.
  • Ukuvumelana nezimo nokukhethaI-POSIX ichaza izinhlobonhlobo zezici nokusebenza okungase kusetshenziswe amasistimu okusebenza. Lokhu kunikeza onjiniyela amandla okukhetha izici ezithile ezifanele izidingo zabo. Abasebenzisi futhi bayazuza ngokuba nezinketho nokukwazi ukukhetha ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezithobela i-POSIX ezihlukene.

Okuwukuphela kwenkinga yokusebenzisa i-POSIX ukuthi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi kunzima ukuyisebenzisa nokuyiqonda. Njengoba ubona, izinzuzo ze-POSIX zidlula kakhulu izinkinga. Manje njengoba usuyazi ukuthi iyini i-POSIX nokuthi isebenza kanjani, unganquma ukuthi ikufanele yini.

Ukuqaliswa nokuhambisana nezinga le-POSIX

Ukusebenzisa nokuthobela izinga le-POSIX kumasistimu okusebenza kuhlanganisa izici ezimbalwa. Okunye okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile kuchazwe ngezansi:

  • Ukuqaliswa kwezingaAmasistimu okusebenza afisa ukuthobela izinga le-POSIX kufanele asebenzise izixhumanisi zezinhlelo, imiyalo, izinsiza, namafomethi wefayela achazwe yizinga. Lokhu kuhilela ukuthuthukisa nokugcina imitapo yolwazi, otolika bemiyalo, nezinsiza zesistimu ezidingekayo ukuze izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-POSIX zisebenze kahle.
  • Ukuhambisana nemininingwaneUkuze uthobele izinga le-POSIX, amasistimu okusebenza kufanele alandele imininingwane enemininingwane yezinga futhi aqinisekise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezimisiwe. Lokhu kungase kudinge ukuhlolwa okubanzi, ukuhlola ukuthobela imithetho, nokulungiswa kokusetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amasistimu okusebenza anamathela kumazinga achazwe yi-POSIX.
  • Izitifiketi namazinga okuhambisanaAmanye amasistimu okusebenza angase afune isitifiketi noma ukuthobela izindinganiso ezithile zokuthobela ukuze abonise ukuvumelana kwawo ne-POSIX. Isibonelo, i-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ineqembu elisebenzayo elizinikele ekuhloleni nasekutholeni izitifiketi ze-POSIX, futhi amasistimu okusebenza angahlolwa ukuze athole isitifiketi se-POSIX.
  • Ukunakekela nokubuyekeza: Iguqukile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi amasistimu okusebenza kufanele aqhubeke nokubuyekezwa ukuze ahambisane nezinguqulo ezintsha nezibuyekezo zezinga. Lokhu kuhilela ukwenza izinguquko nokuthuthukiswa ekusebenziseni okukhona ukuze kufakwe izici ezintsha nokulungiswa okwethulwe kuzibuyekezo ze-POSIX.
  • Ukuhambisana emuvaNgenxa yokuthi i-POSIX iyindinganiso eyasungulwa isikhathi eside, amasistimu okusebenza nawo alwela ukugcina ukuhambisana okubuyela emuva nezinguqulo ezindala ze-POSIX. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza nesofthiwe eyenzelwe izinguqulo zangaphambili zezinga iyaqhubeka nokusebenza kahle ezinguqulweni ezintsha.
  • Amadokhumenti nokusekelwa: Amasistimu okusebenza asebenzisa i-POSIX kufanele anikeze imibhalo eyanele echaza izici ezithobela i-POSIX, izixhumanisi, kanye nokusebenza. Lokhu kusiza onjiniyela baqonde indlela yokusebenzisa imisebenzi ye-POSIX nezinsiza kusistimu yokusebenza kanye nendlela yokuxazulula izinkinga noma ukungahambisani okungase kuvele.
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Amasistimu wokusebenza we-POSIX

Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningana zihambisana nezinga le-POSIX ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezaziwa kakhulu nezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezisebenzisa i-POSIX yilezi:

  • I-Linux: Iwuhlelo lokusebenza lomthombo ovulekile olususelwe ku-Linux kernel. Ukusabalalisa okuningi kwe-Linux, okufana no-Ubuntu, i-Fedora, i-Debian, ne-CentOS, kuyahambisana ne-POSIX futhi ilwela ukuhambisana nezicaciso ezijwayelekile.
  • macOS: Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Apple lwamakhompyutha we-Mac futhi lisebenzisa kakhulu i-POSIX. I-macOS isuselwe ku-Darwin kernel, okuhlukile kwe-BSD, uhlelo lokusebenza olususelwa ku-UNIX oluthobela i-POSIX.
  • I-FreeBSD: Iwuhlelo olusebenza ngomthombo ovulekile olususelwe ku-BSD futhi yaziwa ngokuhambisana kwayo okuphezulu kwe-POSIX. Njengegatsha le-BSD, i-FreeBSD izuza njengefa izici eziningi nokusebenza kwe-UNIX, futhi ilandela kakhulu imininingwane ye-POSIX.
  • ISolaris: Iwuhlelo lokusebenza olwakhiwe yi-Oracle futhi lususelwa ku-UNIX System V. I-Solaris beyaziwa ngokomlando ngokuhambisana kwayo nendinganiso ye-POSIX kanye nokwesekwa kwayo kwezokuxhumana kanye nezinsiza ezichazwe yizinga.
  • I-AIX: I-AIX iwuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-IBM olususelwe ku-UNIX System V. I-AIX isebenzise i-POSIX ezinguqulweni ezimbalwa, ihlinzeka ngokuhambisana okubalulekile nezindawo zokusebenzelana ezijwayelekile nezici ezichazwe yi-POSIX.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenzisa i-POSIX, kungase kube nokuhluka ekuthobeleni nasekusekeleni ezinguqulweni ezahlukene zezinga. Ukwengeza, akhona amanye amasistimu wokusebenza angaziwa kancane futhi asebenzisa i-POSIX ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.

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Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-A/UX, AIX, BSD OS, DSPnano, HP-UX, IRIX, LynxOS, Integrity, macOS, Minix, MPE/iX, QNX, RTEMS, Solaris, Unison RTOS, UnixWare, velOSity kanye ne-VxWorks esebenza ngokugcwele izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-VxWorks.

Nakuba i-BeOS, i-Haiku, i-FreeBSD, i-GNU/Linux, i-Contiki, i-NetBSD, i-Nucleus RTOS, i-OpenBSD, i-OpenSolaris, i-PikeOS, i-RTOS, i-RTEMS, i-Sanos, i-SkyOS, i-Syllable, ne-VSTA, phakathi kokunye, ihambisana kakhulu ne-POSIX.

Singase futhi sakhe esinye isigaba se-POSIX ye-Windows, njengoba i-POSIX ihlobene kakhulu nomhlaba we-Unix, kodwa kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi kunezindawo ezithile ze-POSIX nesofthiwe ngaphakathi kwesistimu ye-Microsoft, njenge-Cygwin, i-UWIN, i-MKS Toolkit, kanye ne-Microsoft POSIX Subsystem, kanye ne-Windows Services ye-UNIX.

Ikusasa lezinga

Izinga le-POSIX libe yitshe lesisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-UNIX futhi lifakazele ukufaneleka kwalo kanye nokusebenza kwalo eminyakeni edlule. Kodwa-ke, ikusasa lezinga le-POSIX liphinde lithonywe yimikhuba kanye nentuthuko endaweni yezobuchwepheshe. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzicabangele mayelana nekusasa:

  • Evolution kanye updatesIzinga le-POSIX liye lavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngezibuyekezo ezintsha nezinguqulo ukuze zivumelane nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo ezishintshayo. Izinga kulindeleke ukuthi liqhubeke nokuvela futhi lithuthuke ukuze kubhekwane nezinselele ezintsha nokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo amathuba avelayo.
  • Ukwamukelwa kwamasistimu okusebenza amashaNjengoba amasistimu amasha okusebenza nezimo zekhompuyutha zivela, ezinye zazo zingasebenzisa noma zivumelanise izinga le-POSIX. Lokhu kuzoncika ekusebenzisaneni, ukuphatheka, kanye nezidingo zokusebenzisana zalezo zinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nesidingo nokwamukelwa kwe-POSIX kulezo zimo.
  • Umthelela wamanye amazinga nobuchwephesheNjengoba amazinga amasha kanye nobuchwepheshe buvela ezinhlelweni zokusebenza nasendaweni yekhompyutha, ezinye izindlela noma okuhambisana nezinga le-POSIX kungase kuvele. Isibonelo, ukwamukelwa okukhulayo kweziqukathi nobuchwepheshe be-virtualization, obufana ne-Docker ne-Kubernetes, kwethule izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuhlobaneni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinga le-POSIX kwezinye izimo.
  • Ukucatshangelwa kokusebenza nokusebenza kahle: Ifuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukuxhumana okusha nezindlela kungase kuvele eziphambana nezici ezithile zezinga le-POSIX. Amasistimu okusebenza angase asebenzise ubuchwepheshe obuthile namasu okuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle, okungase kudinge ukulungiswa noma ukulungiswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga.