I-POSIX ejwayelekile: iyini futhi ingeyani?

Isibuyekezo sokugcina: UJanuwari 19 we-2024
Author: UJaime Herrera

El I-POSIX ejwayelekile Akwaziwa kubasebenzisi abaningi besistimu yokusebenza, ngisho nalabo amasistimu abo amisiwe ngaphansi kwayo. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko, ngizozama ukuchaza ukuthi iyini, ukuthi isetshenziselwa ini, ukuthi ithinta kanjani izinhlelo zokusebenza, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile.

Iyini i-POSIX?

Ukusebenzisa Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Linux kuma-Chromebook

Okujwayelekile I-POSIX (I-Portable Operating System Interface) Kuyisethi yamazinga echaza isixhumi esibonakalayo esivamile sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-UNIX. Yakhelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuphatheka kwesofthiwe phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene ezifana ne-UNIX futhi kuqinisekiswe izinga eliphezulu lokuhambisana phakathi kwazo.

Izinga le-POSIX licacisa inombolo ye izinhlelo zokusebenza, imiyalo yomugqa womyalo kanye nezinsiza, kanye namafomethi wefayela nezimiso zokusebenzelana nezinhlelo kanye nesistimu yokusebenza. Lezi zicaciso zisekelwe kakhulu ezicini nasekusebenzeni okutholakala ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-UNIX ezivamile, njengemiyalo eyisisekelo, ukuphathwa kwefayela, ukuxhumana kokucubungula, ukulawula inqubo, namasignali, phakathi kokunye.

Ngokulandela izinga le-POSIX, abathuthukisi bangabhala isofthiwe ehambisanayo ngohlelo olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-UNIX, ezisiza ukuphatheka nokusebenzisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga le-POSIX libe nomthelela kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingezona eze-UNIX, njenge-Linux ne-macOS, esebenzise imininingwane eminingi ye-POSIX.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinga le-POSIX limboza izingxenye ezihlukahlukene kanye namazinga ahlobene, njenge-POSIX.1 (izixhumanisi zesistimu nemitapo yolwazi), i-POSIX.2 (imiyalo nezinsiza), i-POSIX.4 (imicu), i-POSIX.5 (ukuxhumana kwesikhathi sangempela), nokunye. Ngayinye kulawa mazinga ikhuluma ngezinto ezihlukene zesistimu yokusebenza futhi ihlinzeka ngesisekelo esifanayo sokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe ezindaweni ezithobelana ne-POSIX.

Amazinga noma izinguqulo

Izinga le-POSIX lakhiwe okumbalwa ezisezingeni eliphansi okuveza umehluko phakathi kwabo. Futhi yilezi:

  • Esokuqala salokhu yi-IEEE 1003.1, okuwukucaciswa okuyisisekelo kwezinga lokuqala le-POSIX elashicilelwa ngo-1988. Limele ukucaciswa okuyisisekelo kakhulu kwe-POSIX.
  • Ushicilelo lwesibili, olwaziwa nge-IEEE 1003.1-2001 noma i-POSIX 2001/C99, lwashicilelwa ngo-2001 futhi lufaka inani lokubuyekezwa nokuthuthukiswa kuhlelo lwangempela.
  • Uhlelo lwesithathu, olubizwa nge-IEEE 1003.1-2008 noma i-POSIX 2008/C2008, lwashicilelwa ngo-2008 futhi luletha izinguquko nezengezo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo zangaphambilini.
  • Uhlelo lwesine, olubizwa nge-IEEE 1003.1-2017 noma i-POSIX 2017/C17, lwanyatheliswa ngo-2017 futhi luyaqhubeka nokushintsha izinga ngezici ezintsha nezici.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zilinganiso eziphansi, kukhona enye ebizwa nge-IEEE 1003.2, obekuhloswe ngayo ukuchaza i-Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) ikakhulukazi kumasistimu asekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-SPARC. Kuyisandiso sesicaciso se-IEEE 1003.1-2001 futhi kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi SPARC-2003.

Umlando we-POSIX

La Ukushicilelwa kokuqala kwezinga kwenzeka ngo-1988, kwalandela eyesibili ngo-2001 neyesithathu ngo-2008. Kwathi ngo-2017, kwakhululwa uhlelo lwesine.

Isiphakamiso sokusungula izinga le Amasistimu e-Unix I-Unix yavela ngasekupheleni kwawo-70. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Unix yayiwuhlelo olusha olusebenzayo kodwa idume ngokusebenza kahle kwayo namandla. Ukwenza kube wusizo kakhulu ezindaweni zebhizinisi, umqondo wokuchaza izinga elingaqinisekisa ukuphatheka kwezinhlelo ze-Unix uyaphakanyiswa. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunezinhlobonhlobo eziningana zezinhlelo ze-Unix, okwenza ukuhambisana phakathi kwazo kube nzima kubasebenzisi nabathuthukisi. Ngakho-ke, ukusungula izinga kwethulwe njengesixazululo sokuthuthukisa ukuhambisana.

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Lapho i-Institute of Onjiniyela bakagesi nabama-elekthronikhi (IEEE) yashicilela uhlelo lokuqala lwezinga ngo-1988, i-Unix yayisivele ikhona emakethe iminyaka eminingi futhi yayisungulwe kahle. Lokhu kusize inqubo yokumisa amasistimu e-Unix futhi kwavumela ukuhambisana okukhulu phakathi kwawo.

Izinzuzo nokungalungi

Izinga le-POSIX linikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa kubathuthukisi besistimu yokusebenza nabasebenzisi. Nazi ezinye zazo: izinzuzo ezivelele kakhulu:

  • UkuphathekaEnye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-POSIX yikhono layo lokukhuthaza ukuphatheka kwesofthiwe phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene ze-UNIX. Ngokulandela ukucaciswa kwe-POSIX, izinhlelo zingasebenza kumapulatifomu amaningi ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okubalulekile. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza ngokungaguquki ezindaweni ezahlukene.
  • Ukuhambisana: iqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisana phakathi kwamasistimu wokusebenza we-UNIX asebenzisa ukucaciswa kwawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imiyalo, izixhumanisi zokuhlela, nezinsiza ezichazwe yi-POSIX zizoziphatha ngendlela efanayo kumasistimu ahlukene. Onjiniyela nabasebenzisi bangathemba ukuthi isoftware esekwe ku-POSIX izosebenza ngokungaguquki nangokubikezela kuzo zonke izinkundla ezihlukene.
  • Ukusebenzisana: I-POSIX ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-UNIX namasistimu okusebenza. Ngokunikeza isixhumi esibonakalayo esijwayelekile, kusiza ukuxhumana nokushintshisana kwedatha phakathi kwezinhlelo. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho amasistimu amaningi noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zidinga ukubambisana futhi zabelane ngolwazi ngendlela efanele.
  • Isisekelo solwazi olwabiwe: Idala isisekelo solwazi olwabiwe phakathi konjiniyela besistimu yokusebenza ye-UNIX nabasebenzisi. Kunezinsiza eziningi, imitapo yolwazi, amathuluzi, nemibhalo etholakalayo ethobela izinga le-POSIX. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukufinyelela izinsiza zosekelo, ukuxazulula izinkinga, nokwabelana ngezixazululo ngaphakathi komphakathi wonjiniyela.
  • Ukuvumelana nezimo nokukhethaI-POSIX ichaza izinhlobonhlobo zezici nokusebenza okungase kusetshenziswe amasistimu okusebenza. Lokhu kunikeza onjiniyela amandla okukhetha izici ezithile ezifanele izidingo zabo. Abasebenzisi futhi bayazuza ngokuba nezinketho nokukwazi ukukhetha ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezithobela i-POSIX ezihlukene.

La ububi kuphela Ububi bokusebenzisa i-POSIX ukuthi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi kunzima ukuyisebenzisa nokuyiqonda. Njengoba ubona, izinzuzo ze-POSIX zidlula kude ukubi. Manje njengoba usuyazi ukuthi i-POSIX iyini nokuthi isebenza kanjani, unganquma ukuthi ikulungele yini.

Ukuqaliswa nokuhambisana nezinga le-POSIX

Ukusebenzisa nokuthobela izinga le-POSIX kumasistimu okusebenza kuhlanganisa izici ezimbalwa. Okunye okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile kuchazwe ngezansi:

  • Ukuqaliswa kwezingaAmasistimu okusebenza afisa ukuthobela izinga le-POSIX kufanele asebenzise izixhumanisi zezinhlelo, imiyalo, izinsiza, namafomethi wefayela achazwe yizinga. Lokhu kuhilela ukuthuthukisa nokugcina imitapo yolwazi, otolika bemiyalo, nezinsiza zesistimu ezidingekayo ukuze izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-POSIX zisebenze kahle.
  • Ukuhambisana nemininingwaneUkuze uthobele izinga le-POSIX, amasistimu okusebenza kufanele alandele imininingwane enemininingwane yezinga futhi aqinisekise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezimisiwe. Lokhu kungase kudinge ukuhlolwa okubanzi, ukuhlola ukuthobela imithetho, nokulungiswa kokusetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amasistimu okusebenza anamathela kumazinga achazwe yi-POSIX.
  • Izitifiketi namazinga okuhambisanaAmanye amasistimu okusebenza angase afune isitifiketi noma ukuthobela izindinganiso ezithile zokuthobela ukuze abonise ukuvumelana kwawo ne-POSIX. Isibonelo, i-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ineqembu elisebenzayo elizinikele ekuhloleni nasekutholeni izitifiketi ze-POSIX, futhi amasistimu okusebenza angahlolwa ukuze athole isitifiketi se-POSIX.
  • Ukunakekela nokubuyekeza: Iguqukile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi amasistimu okusebenza kufanele aqhubeke nokubuyekezwa ukuze ahambisane nezinguqulo ezintsha nezibuyekezo zezinga. Lokhu kuhilela ukwenza izinguquko nokuthuthukiswa ekusebenziseni okukhona ukuze kufakwe izici ezintsha nokulungiswa okwethulwe kuzibuyekezo ze-POSIX.
  • Ukuhambisana emuvaNgenxa yokuthi i-POSIX iyindinganiso eyasungulwa isikhathi eside, amasistimu okusebenza nawo alwela ukugcina ukuhambisana okubuyela emuva nezinguqulo ezindala ze-POSIX. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza nesofthiwe eyenzelwe izinguqulo zangaphambili zezinga iyaqhubeka nokusebenza kahle ezinguqulweni ezintsha.
  • Amadokhumenti nokusekelwa: Amasistimu okusebenza asebenzisa i-POSIX kufanele anikeze imibhalo eyanele echaza izici ezithobela i-POSIX, izixhumanisi, kanye nokusebenza. Lokhu kusiza onjiniyela baqonde indlela yokusebenzisa imisebenzi ye-POSIX nezinsiza kusistimu yokusebenza kanye nendlela yokuxazulula izinkinga noma ukungahambisani okungase kuvele.
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Amasistimu wokusebenza we-POSIX

Kukhona eziningana amasistimu okusebenza athobelana nezinga le-POSIX ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezaziwa kakhulu nezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezisebenzisa i-POSIX yilezi:

  • I-Linux: Iwuhlelo lokusebenza lomthombo ovulekile olususelwe ku-Linux kernel. Ukusabalalisa okuningi kwe-Linux, okufana no-Ubuntu, i-Fedora, i-Debian, ne-CentOS, kuyahambisana ne-POSIX futhi ilwela ukuhambisana nezicaciso ezijwayelekile.
  • macOS: Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Apple lwamakhompyutha we-Mac futhi lisebenzisa kakhulu i-POSIX. I-macOS isuselwe ku-Darwin kernel, okuhlukile kwe-BSD, uhlelo lokusebenza olususelwa ku-UNIX oluthobela i-POSIX.
  • I-FreeBSD: Iwuhlelo olusebenza ngomthombo ovulekile olususelwe ku-BSD futhi yaziwa ngokuhambisana kwayo okuphezulu kwe-POSIX. Njengegatsha le-BSD, i-FreeBSD izuza njengefa izici eziningi nokusebenza kwe-UNIX, futhi ilandela kakhulu imininingwane ye-POSIX.
  • ISolaris: Iwuhlelo lokusebenza olwakhiwe yi-Oracle futhi lususelwa ku-UNIX System V. I-Solaris beyaziwa ngokomlando ngokuhambisana kwayo nendinganiso ye-POSIX kanye nokwesekwa kwayo kwezokuxhumana kanye nezinsiza ezichazwe yizinga.
  • I-AIX: I-AIX iwuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-IBM olususelwe ku-UNIX System V. I-AIX isebenzise i-POSIX ezinguqulweni ezimbalwa, ihlinzeka ngokuhambisana okubalulekile nezindawo zokusebenzelana ezijwayelekile nezici ezichazwe yi-POSIX.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenzisa i-POSIX, kungase kube nokuhluka ekuthobeleni nasekusekeleni ezinguqulweni ezahlukene zezinga. Ukwengeza, akhona amanye amasistimu wokusebenza angaziwa kancane futhi asebenzisa i-POSIX ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.

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Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-A/UX, AIX, BSD OS, DSPnano, HP-UX, IRIX, LynxOS, Integrity, macOS, Minix, MPE/iX, QNX, RTEMS, Solaris, Unison RTOS, UnixWare, velOSity kanye ne-VxWorks esebenza ngokugcwele izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-VxWorks.

Nakuba i-BeOS, i-Haiku, i-FreeBSD, i-GNU/Linux, i-Contiki, i-NetBSD, i-Nucleus RTOS, i-OpenBSD, i-OpenSolaris, i-PikeOS, i-RTOS, i-RTEMS, i-Sanos, i-SkyOS, i-Syllable, ne-VSTA, phakathi kokunye, ihambisana kakhulu ne-POSIX.

Singase futhi sakhe esinye isigaba se-POSIX ye-Windows, njengoba i-POSIX ihlobene kakhulu nomhlaba we-Unix, kodwa kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi kunezindawo ezithile ze-POSIX nesofthiwe ngaphakathi kwesistimu ye-Microsoft, njenge-Cygwin, i-UWIN, i-MKS Toolkit, kanye ne-Microsoft POSIX Subsystem, kanye ne-Windows Services ye-UNIX.

Ikusasa lezinga

Izinga le-POSIX libe yinsika eyisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-UNIX futhi lifakazele ukubaluleka kwalo nokuba wusizo eminyakeni edlule. Kodwa-ke, ikusasa lezinga le-POSIX liphinde lithonywe yi izitayela nentuthuko endaweni yezobuchwepheshe. Nakhu okucatshangelwayo ngekusasa:

  • Evolution kanye updatesIzinga le-POSIX liye lavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngezibuyekezo ezintsha nezinguqulo ukuze zivumelane nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo ezishintshayo. Izinga kulindeleke ukuthi liqhubeke nokuvela futhi lithuthuke ukuze kubhekwane nezinselele ezintsha nokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo amathuba avelayo.
  • Ukwamukelwa kwamasistimu okusebenza amashaNjengoba amasistimu amasha okusebenza nezimo zekhompuyutha zivela, ezinye zazo zingasebenzisa noma zivumelanise izinga le-POSIX. Lokhu kuzoncika ekusebenzisaneni, ukuphatheka, kanye nezidingo zokusebenzisana zalezo zinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nesidingo nokwamukelwa kwe-POSIX kulezo zimo.
  • Umthelela wamanye amazinga nobuchwephesheNjengoba amazinga amasha kanye nobuchwepheshe buvela ezinhlelweni zokusebenza nasendaweni yekhompyutha, ezinye izindlela noma okuhambisana nezinga le-POSIX kungase kuvele. Isibonelo, ukwamukelwa okukhulayo kweziqukathi nobuchwepheshe be-virtualization, obufana ne-Docker ne-Kubernetes, kwethule izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuhlobaneni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinga le-POSIX kwezinye izimo.
  • Ukucatshangelwa kokusebenza nokusebenza kahle: Ifuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukuxhumana okusha nezindlela kungase kuvele eziphambana nezici ezithile zezinga le-POSIX. Amasistimu okusebenza angase asebenzise ubuchwepheshe obuthile namasu okuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle, okungase kudinge ukulungiswa noma ukulungiswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga.